Your challenges
PFAS treatment requires efficient removal and concentration strategies that reduce treatment costs while minimizing residual waste volumes and disposal requirements.
Removing PFAS from contaminated water
PFAS can be present in drinking water, wastewater, industrial effluents, groundwater, RO concentrate leachate and other contaminated water streams. Their persistence and chemical diversity make it difficult to achieve reliable treatment across different PFAS chain lengths and water matrics with a single technology.
Reducing the cost of PFAS treatment
Treating large volumes of water with energy-intensive destruction technologies can result in high operating costs. An efficient PFAS treatment strategy therefore benefits from first concentrating PFAS into a much smaller stream before applying more intensive destruction technologies.
Managing PFAS residuals
PFAS removal does not necessarily mean that the contaminant has been destroyed. Concentration technologies can create a PFAS-richt residual stream that still requires appropriate management. Operators need a treatment strategy that addresses the concentrated PFAS and minimizes long-term disposal risks and liabilities.
Preparing for increasingly stringent PFAS requirements
PFAS regulations continue to evolve and increasingly cover a broader range of PFAS compounds. Treatment systems therefore need to be flexible and capable of being integrated with complementary technoligies to address long-chain, short-chain and ultra-short chain PFAS.
How does it work?
Our process
PFAS FoamFrac (VAL) uses vacuum foam fractionation to exploit the natural surfactant properties of PFAS.
Microbubbles of air introduced into the contaminated water. PFAS molecules preferentially attach to the air-water interface of these bubbles because of their surface-active properties.
Vacuum-assisted flotation bring the PFAS-loaded bubbles to the surface, where they form a concentrated foam. The foam is continuously extracted from the system, separating and concentrating PFAS from the treated water.
The vacuum-assisted reactor design improves mass transfer, foam stability and process control. Depending on the water matrix and treatment objectives, additives such as co-foamers can used to improve extraction of PFAS that are more difficult to concentrate.
The resulting foamate contains a significantly higher PFAS concentration than the original water and can be directed to a downstream PFAS destruction process.
Part of the NSI Resolve solutions
The concentrated foamate can the be directed to an appropriate downstream PFAS destruction technology. Within the NSI PFS Resolve concept, this enables PFAS to be concentrated before destruction, reducing the volume that needs to undergo intensive treatment.
For site-specific applications, pilot testing can be used to evaluate performance, under actual water conditions and determine the appropriate process configuration.

Our positive impact
Concentration of mid- and long-chain PFAS
PFAS FoamFrac naturally exploits the surfactant properties of PFAS and is particularly effective for PFAS compounds with higher surface activity. This makes the technology well suited for bulk separation and concentration of many mid- and long-chain PFAS, including compound such as PFOA and PFOS. Depending on PFAS composition and water chemistry, short-chain PFAS can also be concentrated, particularly with optimized operating conditions and co-foamer addition.
The technology can therefore serve as an efficient first treatment step before downstream polishing or destruction technologies.
Highly selective PFAS removal
Unlike many conventional treatment processes, PFAS FoamFrac selectively concentrates PFAS while leaving most non-surface-active compounds in the water. This reduces unneccessary treatment of the entire wastewater matrix and improves treatment economics.
Low energy and chemical consumption
Vacuum foam fractionation is designed as a low-energy concentration process. The VAL system uses air and moderate vacuum to enhance PFAS removal and can operate with low chemical consumption, depending on the water matrix and treatment objectives.
Small and concentrated PFAS residual stream
Rather than applying intensive destruction treatment to the full water volume, PFAS FoamFrac concentrates PFAS into a much smaller foamate stream.
This reduces the volume requiring downstream PFAS destruction and can significantly improve the economics of a complete PFAS treatment strategy. Concentrating PFAS before destruction is a central principle of the NSI PFAS Resolve concept.
Continuous and compact operation
The PFAS FoamFrac process operates continuously, avoiding the downtime associated with batch concentration processes. The vacuum-assisted reactor is designed as compact and relatively simple treatment that can be integrated into different PFAS treatment configurations.
Mobile pilot units are also available in skid-mounted and containerized configurations for on-site testing and validation.
Key figures
200–500×
PFAS concentrations factor after two-stage fractionation in the described testing
1,000–2,000×
PFAS concentration factor after three-stage fractionation in the described testing.
>99%
Removal demonstrated for several mid-and long-chain PFAS compounds in the described tests
Typical applications
PFAS FoamFrac is particularly suited for:
- Landfill leachate
- AFFF contaminated groundwater
- Industrial wastewater
- Semiconductor wastewater
- RO concentrate streams
- Surface finishing wastewater
- PFAS source reduction projects

Contact us to discuss your PFAS removal requirements
Frequently asked questions
PFAS foam fractionation is a separation technology that uses the surfactant properties of PFAS to concentrate them at the surface of air bubbles. The PFAS-loaded bubbles form a concentrated foam that can be continuously removed from the water.
Vacuum foam fractionation uses vacuum assistance to enhance the movement of PFAS-loaded microbubbles and the formation of a stable PFAS0rich foam. The vacuum-assisted design can improve mass transfer, foam stability and process control compared with conventional foam fractionation approaches.
VAL FoamFrac is particularly suited to the concentration of mid- and long-chain PFAS because these compounds generally have stronger surface-active properties. The technology can concentrate compounds including PFOA, PFOS and other PFAS, while additional technologies can be used for short-chain and ultra-short-chain PFAS where required.
PFAS destruction technologies can be more economically viable when treating a small concentrated stream rather than the full volume of contaminated water. PFAS FoamFrac reduces the volume requiring intensive downstream treatment, creating a more efficient pathway toward PFAS destruction or disposal.
Yes. PFAS FoamFrac is designed to operated as part of a treatment train. Within the NSI PFAS Resolve concept, concentration can be combined with destruction technologies and polishing technologies to address different PFAS chain lengths and achieve the required final water quality.
Yes. Pilot testing can be used to evaluate the performance of VAL under site-specific water conditions. Coldep provides mobile pilot systems in skid-mounted and containerized configurations for on-site testing and validation.